QUALIDADE DO AR – PARÂMETROS DE CONTROLE E EFEITOS NA SAÚDE HUMANA: UMA BREVE REVISÃO

Antônio Hermeson Castro; Glória Maria Silva; Rinaldo Santos Araújo

doi:10.15628/holos.2013.1242

Autores

Antônio Hermeson Castro Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará
Glória Maria Silva Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará
Rinaldo Santos Araújo Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15628/holos.2013.1242

Resumo

Estudos relacionados à poluição atmosférica e a qualidade do ar crescem a cada ano. Em geral as pesquisas desenvolvidas envolvem o conhecimento sobre os componentes nocivos a saúde presentes no meio ambiente. De acordo com a legislação brasileira os poluentes de maior importância monitorados são representados pelo monóxido de carbono (CO), os óxidos de nitrogênio (NOx), o dióxido de enxofre (SO2), o ozônio (O3), a fumaça e os materiais particulados: partículas inaláveis (PM10 e PM2,5) e partículas totais em suspensão (PTS). Outras substâncias como os compostos orgânicos BTEX (benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e xilenos) também foram investigados devido à elevada abundancia em atmosferas urbanas. Em particular, este artigo apresenta uma revisão sobre os principais poluentes atmosféricos, fontes de emissão, ocorrência, legislação e efeitos sobre a saúde humana.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Métricas

Carregando Métricas ...

Referências

Agencia de Proteção Ambiental <http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html> acessado em: 30/12/1012.

Agência Europeia do Meio Ambiente <http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/standards.htm> acessado em: 30/12/1012.

AKPINAR, S.; OZTOP, H.; KAVAK AKPINAR, E. Evaluation of relationship between meteorological parameters and air pollutant concentrations during winter season in Elaz?g, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v.146, n.1 - 3, p.211 - 224, 2008.

AO, C.H.; LEE, S.C. Removal of indoor air ppb level volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx by heterogeneous photocatalysis better air quality in asian and pacific rim cities (BAQ 2002). 16 – 18 de dezembro de 2002, Hong Kong SAR. Disponível em: <http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/news_events/events/baq2002.html> Acesso em: 09/05/2013.

AO, C.H.; LEE, S.C.; ZOU, S.C.; MAK, C.L. Inhibition effect of SO2 on NOx and VOCs during the photodegradation of synchronous indoor air pollutants at parts per billion (ppb) level by TiO2. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, v.49, n.3, p.187 - 193, 2004.

BÁEZ, A.P.; PADILLAH, H.; GARCÍA R.; TORRES M.C.; ROSAS, I.; BELMONT, R. Carbonyl levels in indoor and outdoor air in Mexico city and Xalapa, Mexico. Science of the Total Environment, v.302, n.1-3, p.211 - 226, 2003.

BAILEY, J.C.; EGGLESTON, S. The contribution of gasoline fuelled vehicle exhaust to the UK speciated hydrocarbon inventory. Science of Total Environment, v.134, n.1-3, p.263 - 271, 1993.

BAUKAL, C.E. Industrial Combustion Pollution and Control, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 2004, p.247 - 325.

BLONDEAU, P.; IORDACHE, V.; POUPARD, O.; GENIN, D.; ALLARD, F. Relationship between outdoor and indoor air quality in eight french schools. Indoor Air, v.15, n.1, p.2 - 12, 2005.

BONETTI, T.M. Desenvolvimento de metodologia analítica para a avaliação de contaminações atmosféricas por BTEX em postos de abastecimento de combustíveis. 2011. 155 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Florianópolis, 2011.

BRASIL. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente, CONAMA. Resolução CONAMA nº 003/90, de 28 de junho de 1990. Disponível em: <http://www.mma.gov.br> Acesso em: 30/12/2012.

BRASIL. Ministério do Trabalho e do Emprego-MTE. N-15 - Atividades e Operações Insalubres, 6 Julho de 1978. Disponível em: <http://portal.mte.gov.br> Acessado em: 10/05/2013.

BRIDGMAN, H.A.; DAVIES, T.D.; JICKELLS, T.; HUNOVA, I.; TOVEY, K.; BRIDGES, K.; SURAPIPITH, V. Air pollution in the Krusne Hory region, Czech Republic during the 1990. Atmospheric Environment, v.36, n.21, p.3375 - 3389, 2002.

BRUGGE, D.; DURANT. J.L.; RIOUX, C. Near-highway pollutants in motor vehicle exhaust: a review of epidemiologic evidence of cardiac and pulmonary health risks. Environ. Health, v.6, n.1, p.23 - 35, 2007.

BRUNEKREEF, B.; HOLGATE, S.T. Air pollution and health. The lancet, v.360, n.9341, p.1233 - 1242, 2002.

CARL, M.; BERKOWITZ, R.A.; BIAN, Z.X.; ZHONG, S.; ROBERT, S.; DISSELKAMP, N.S.; LAULAINEN, E.G.C. Aircraft observations of aerosols, O3 and NOy in a night time urban plume. Atmospheric Environment, v.35, n.13, p.2395 - 2404, 2001.

CASELLI, M.; DE GENNARO, G.; MARZOCCA, A.; TRIZIO, L.; TUTINO, M. Assessment of the impact of the vehicular traffic on BTEX concentration in ring roads in urban areas of Bari (Italy). Chemosphere, v.81, n.3, p.306 - 311, 2010.

CASSANDRA, V.H.; MUNGER, J.W.; STEVEN, C.W.; ZAHNISER, M.; NELSON, D.J.; MCMANUS, B. Atmospheric reactive nitrogen concentration and flux budgets at a Northeastern US forest site. Agric. for Meteorol., v.136, n.1-4, p.159 - 174, 2006.

CHAMEIDES, W.L.; LINDSAY, R.W.; RICHARDSON, J. KIANG, C.S., The role of biogenic hydrocarbons in urban photochemical smog: Atlanta as case study. Science, v.241, n.4872, p.1473 - 1475, 1988.

CHAN, C.K., YAO, X. Air pollution in mega cities in China. Atmospheric Environment, v.42, n.1, p.1 - 42, 2008.

CHEN, X.; ZHANG, G.; ZHANG, Q.; CHEN, H. Mass concentrations of BTEX inside air environment of buses in Changsha, China. Building and Environment, v.46, n.2, p.421 - 427, 2011.

CIENCEWICKI, J.; TRIVEDI, S.; KLEEBERGER, S.R. Oxidants and the pathogenesis of lung diseases. J. Allergy Clin. Immun., v.122, n.3, p.456 - 68, 2008.

COELHO, M.S.Z.S. Uma análise estatística com vistas a previsibilidade de doenças respiratórias em função de condições meteorotrópicas na cidade de São Paulo no ano de 2007. 202 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências) - Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2007.

CRUMP K.S. Risk of benzene-induced leukemia: A sensitivity analysis of the pliofilm cohort with additional follow-up and new exposure estimates. Environmental Health, v.42, n.2, p.219 - 242, 1994.

DOMINICI, F.; PENG, R.D.; ZEGER, S.L.; WHITE, R.H.; SAMET, J.M. Particulate air pollution and mortality in the United States: did the risks change from 1987 to 2000. American Journal of Epidemiology, v.166, n.8, p.880 - 888, 2007.

DUTTA, C., SOM, D.; CHATTERJEE, A.; MUKHERJEE, A.K.; JANA, T.K.; SEN, S. Mixing ratios of carbonyls and BTEX in ambient air of Kolkata, India and their associated health risk. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v.148, n.1 - 4, p.97 - 107, 2009.

EISINGER, M. e BURROWS, J. Tropospheric sulfur dioxide observed by the ERS-2 GOME instrument. Geophysical Research Letters, v.25, n.22, p.4177 - 4180, 1998.

ELLIOTT, P.; SHADDICK, G.; WAKEFIELD, J.C.; DE HOOGH, C.; BRIGGS, D.J. Long term associations of outdoor air pollution with mortality in Great Britain. Thorax, v.62, n.12, p.1088 - 1094, 2007.

GODOWITCH, J.M.; POULIOT, G.A.; RAO, S.T. Assessing multi-year changes in modeled and observed urban NOX concentrations from a dynamic model evaluation perspective. Atmospheric Environment, v.44, n.24, p.2894 - 2901, 2010.

GUANGFENG, J., JEROME, D.F. Modeling the effects of VOCs and NOX emission sources on ozone formation in Houston during the TexAQS 2000 field campaign. Atmospheric Environment, v.38, n.30, p.5071 - 5085, 2004.

HALES, S.; HOWDEN-CHAPMAN, P. Effects of air pollution on health. BMJ, v.335, n. 7615, p.314 - 315, 2007.

HAN, X. e NAEHER, L.P.A Review of traffic-related air pollution exposure assessment studies in the developing world. Environment International, v.32, n.1, p.106 - 120, 2006.

HINWOOD, A.L.; BERKO, H.N.; FARRAR, D.; GALBALLY, I.E.; WEEKS, I.A. Volatile organic compounds in selected micro-environments. Chemosphere, v.63, p.421 - 429, 2006.

HORGNIES, M.; DUBOIS-BRUGGER, I.; GARTNER, E.M. NOx de-pollution by hardened concrete and the influence of activated charcoal additions. Cement and Concrete Research, v.42, p.1348 - 1355, 2012.

HOSHI, J.; AMANO, S.; SASAKI, Y.; KORENAGA, T. Investigation and estimation of emission sources of 54 volatile organic compounds in ambient air in Tokyo. Atmospheric Environment, v.42, n.10, p.2383 - 2393, 2008.

ILIC, I.Z.; ZIVKOVIC, D.T.; VUSOVIC, N.M.; BOGDANOVIC, D.M. Investigation of the correlation dependence between SO2 emission concentration and meteorological parameters: case study DBor (Serbia). Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, v.45, p.901 - 907, 2010.

INOMATA, Y.; IWASAKA, Y.; OSADA, K.; HAYASHI, M.; MORI, I.; KIDO, M.; HARA, K.; SAKAI, T. Vertical distributions of particles and sulfur gases (volatile sulfur compounds and SO2) over east Asia: comparison with two aircraft borne measurements under the asian continental out flow in spring and winter. Atmospheric Environment, v.40, n.3, p.430 - 444, 2006.

JONES, A.P. Indoor air quality and health. Atmospheric Environment, v. 33, n. 28, p. 4535 - 4564, 1999.

KRÓL, S.; ZABIEGA?A, B.; NAMIESNIK, J. Monitoring VOCs in atmospheric air I. On-line gas analyzers. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, v.29, n.9, p.1092 - 1100, 2010.

KROTKOV, N.A.; CARN, S.A.; KRUEGER, A.J.; BHARTIA, P.K.; YANG, K. Band residual difference algorithm for retrieval of SO2 from the aura ozone monitoring instrument (OMI); IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v.44, n.5, p.1259 - 1266, 2006.

KULMALA, M.; VEHKAMAKI, H.; PETAJA, T.; DAL MASO, M.; LAURI, A.; KERMINEN, V.M.; BIRMILI, W.; MCMURRY, P.H. Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles: a review of observations. Journal of Aerosol Science, v.35, p.143 - 176, 2004.

LAWRENCE, A.J.; MASIH, A.; TANEJA, A. Indoor/outdoor relationships of carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen in domestic homes with roadside, urban and rural locations in a central Indian region. Indoor Air, v.15, n.2, p.76 - 82, 2005.

LUVSANA, M-E.; SHIE, R-H.; PUREVDORJ, T.; BADARCH, L.; BALDORJ, B.; CHAN, C-C. The influence of emission sources and meteorological conditions on SO2 pollution in Mongolia. Atmospheric Environment, v.61, p.542 - 549, 2012.

MARTINS, E.M.; ARBILLA, G.; BAUERFELDT, G.F.; PAULA, M. Atmospheric levels of aldehydes and BTEX and their relationship with vehicular fleet changes in Rio de Janeiro urban area. Chemosphere, v.67, n.10, p.2096 - 2103, 2007.

MURENA, F. Air quality nearby road traffic tunnel portals: BTEX monitoring. Journal of Environmental Sciences, v.19, n.5, p.578 - 583, 2007.

PACYNA, J.M. The origin of artic air pollutants: lessons learned and future research. Science of the Total Environment, v.160 - 161, p.39 - 53, 1995.

PAN, G.; ZHANG, S.; FENG, Y.; TAKAHASHI, K.; KAGAWA, J.; YU, L.; WANG, P.; LIU, M.; LIU, Q.; HOU, S.; PAN, B.; LI, J. Air pollution and children’s respiratory symptoms in six cities of northern China. Respiratory Medicine, v.104, n.12, p.1903 - 1911, 2010.

PENGA, Y.P.; CHENA, K.S.; LAIB, C.H.; LUA, P.J.; KAOA, J.H. Concentrations of H2O2 and HNO3 and O3–VOCs–NOx sensitivity in ambient air in southern Taiwan. Atmospheric Environment, v.40, n.35, p.6741 - 6751, 2006.

POPE III, C.A. Air pollution and health-good news and bad. New England Journal Medicine, v.351, n.11, p.1057 - 1067, 2004.

RAIVONEN, M.; VESALA, T.; PIRJOLA, L.; ALTIMIR, N.; KERONEN, P.; KULMALA, M.; HARI, P. Compensation point of NOx exchange: net result of NOx consumption and production. Agric. for Meteorol., v.49, n.6, p.1073 - 1081, 2009.

SAMET, J.M.; DOMINICI, F.; CURRIERO, F.C., COURSAC, I.; ZEGER, S.L. Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in 20 US cities, 1987 - 1994. New England Journal Medicine, v.343, n.24, p.1742 - 1749, 2000.

SARAVANAN, S.; NAGARAJAN, G.; ANAND, S.; SAMPATH, S. Correlation for thermal NOx formation in compression ignition (CI) engine fuelled with diesel and biodiesel. Energy, v.42, n.1, p.401 - 410, 2012.

SINGH, H.B.; SALAS, L.; VIEZEE, W.; SITTON, B.; FEREK, R. Measurement of volatile organic chemicals at selected sites in California. Atmospheric Environment, v.26, n.16, p.2929 - 2946, 1992.

SORENSEN, M.; AUTRUP, H.; MOLLER, P. Linking exposure to environmental pollutants with biological effects. Mutat. Res., v.544, n.2 - 3, p.255 - 271, 2003.

SUN, Y.; WANG, L.; WANG, Y.; QUAN, L.; ZIRUI, L. In situ measurements of SO2, NOx, NOy, and O3 in Beijing, China during august 2008. Science of the Total Environment, v.409, n.5, p.933 - 940, 2011.

TOSHIAKI, Y. e ICHIRO, M. A case study on identification of airborne organic compounds and time courses of their concentrations in the cabin of new car for private use. Environment International, v.32, n.1, p.58 - 79, 2006.

TRAVERSI, D.; DEGAN, R.; DE MARCO, R.; GILLI, G.; PIGNATA, C.; VILLANI, S.; BONO, R. Mutagenic properties of PM2,5 urban pollution in the northern Italy: The nitro-compounds contribution. Environment International, v.35, n.6, p.905 - 910, 2009.

US Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR) 1910 Subpart Z - Toxic and Hazardous Substances.

VERHEGGEN, B.; MOZURKEWICH, M. Determination of nucleation and growth rates from observation of a SO2 induced atmospheric nucleation event. Journal of Geophysical Research, v.107, n.11, p. AAC 5-1 - AAC 5-12, 2002.

VIANA, M.; KUHLBUSCH, T.A.J.; QUEROL, X.; ALASTUEY, A.; HARRISON, R.M.; HOPKE, P.K.; WINIWARTER, W.; VALLIUS, M.; SZIDAT, S.; PRÉVÔT, A.S.H.; HUEGLIN, C.; BLOEMEN, H.; WÅHLIN, P.; VECCHI, R.; MIRANDA, A.I.; KASPER-GIEBL, A.; MAENHAUT, W.; HITZENBERGER, R. Source apportionment of particulate matter in Europe: a review of methods and results. Journal of Aerosol Science, v.39, n.10, p.827 - 849, 2008.

VIEIRA, S.E.; STEIN, R.T.; FERRARO, A.A.; PASTRO, L.D.; PEDRO, S.S.C.; LEMOS, M.; SILVA, E. R.; SLY, P. D.; SALDIVA, P. H. Urban air pollutants are significant risk factors for asthma and pneumonia in children: The influence of location on the measurement of pollutants. Arch. Bronconeumol., v. 48, n.11, p. 389 - 395, 2012.

WANG, D.K.W. e AUSTIN, C.C. Determination of complex mixtures of volatile organic compounds in ambient air: canister methodology. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, v.386, n.4, p.1099 - 1120, 2006.

WANG, M.; ZHU, T.; ZHANG, J.P.; ZHANG, Q.H.; LIN, W.W.; LI, Y.; WANG, Z.F. Using a mobile laboratory to characterize the distribution and transport of sulfur dioxide in and around Beijing. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, v.11, n.6, p.11631 - 11645, 2011.

WANG, T.; CHEUNG, T.F.; LI, Y.S.; YU, X.M.; BLAKE, D.R. Emission characteristics of CO, NOx, SO2 and indications of biomass burning observed at a rural site in eastern China. Journal of Geophysical Research, v.107, n.D12, p. ACH 9-1 - ACH 9-10, 2002.

WHO. World Health Organization. Air Quality Guidelines Global Update 2005, E90038. Copenhagen, Denmark, 2006. 496 p.

World Health Organization. Europe Particulate Matter Air Pollution: How It Harms Health; 2005. p. 1 - 4.

XIAOLIN, L.; YUANXUN, Z.; MINGGUANG, T.; JIANGFENG, L.; LIANGMAN, B.; GUILIN, Z.; YAN, L.; ATSUO, I. Atmospheric lead pollution in fine particulate matter in Shanghai, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, v.2, n.1118 - 1124, 2009.

YANG, S.; YUESI, W.; CHANGCHUN, Z. Measurement of the vertical profile of atmospheric SO2 during the heating period in Beijing on days of high air pollution. Atmospheric Environment, v.43, n.2, p.468 - 472, 2009.

ZHANG, Y.; MU, Y.; LIU, J.; MELLOUKI, A. Levels, sources and health risks of carbonyls and BTEX in the ambient air of Beijing, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, v.24, n.1, p.124 - 130, 2012.

ZIELINSKA, B.; SAGEBIEL, J.C.; HARSCHFIELD, G.; GERTHER, A.V.; PIERSON, W.R. Volatile organic compounds up to C20 emitted from motor vehicles; measurement methods. Atmospheric Environment, v.30, n.12, p.2269 - 2286, 1996.